Lane A: mainstream Korean consumer apps, measured (2026-10-08)

Status: Reference · Date: 2026-10-08 · Evidence appendix for visual-benchmark-2026-10-08.md. Frame and crop paths refer to the session scratch directory (not committed); App Store frames are re-fetchable from the store URLs in the tables.

Scope: 18 apps looked up on the Korean App Store (country=kr), 17 measurable, plus the design-system sources that publish real values. English only. Every number below is either a pixel measurement from a named frame file or comes from a cited URL. Eyeballed values are labelled "eyeballed".

Working directory: /tmp/claude-1000/-home-sungkyu08-Dev-twomore-v2/9e052da6-463b-47d5-958b-a7a7f703ba4b/scratchpad/bench/ Frames: hi/<appid>_<n>.png (App Store screenshots re-fetched at 1242 px wide). UI-only crops: crops/<app>_f<n>.png. Per-crop metrics: metrics_crops.jsonl (helper sample.py), exact-pixel probes probe_all.txt, flat-colour classes app_summary.json.

0. The eight numbers that matter

1. Greys that are really used as a whole-screen canvas sit at L* 96.5 to 97.8, not at 95. Measured: 당근페이 #F7F8F9 (L 97.5), 카카오뱅크 mini #F7F7F7 (L 97.2), 네이버 #F7F9FB (L 97.8), 무신사 #F5F5F5 (L 96.5) (danggeun_f7, kakaobank_f6, naver_f2/naver_f6, musinsa_f6). The only measured value near the rejected #EEF2EF (L 95.1) is the Toss home card gap, #EEF0F2 (L 94.7), and Toss's own token for that surface is #F2F4F6 (L 96.1).
2. TwoMore's #F8FBF9 is L 98.3. That is within 0.5 to 1.8 L* of Naver, 당근페이, 카카오뱅크 and 카카오페이 (#F8F9FA, L 97.9), and equal to Toss grey50 #F9FAFB (L 98.2). It is not paler than the market. Its difference is chroma (C* 1.5 vs 0 to 1.2) and, below, the lack of large flat colour.
3. 5 of 17 apps use a grey canvas under white cards on at least one raw-UI screen (Toss home, 당근페이, 카카오뱅크, 네이버, 무신사). 12 of 17 never do in the frames measured: their list, feed and commerce screens are flat #FFFFFF.
4. 16 of 17 apps have a raw-UI frame that is at least 40% pure white (L* ≥ 99). The exception is 무신사, whose canvas is #F5F5F5.
5. Card-vs-canvas contrast is small: white card on grey canvas is ΔL* 2.1 to 3.5 in 5 of 6 grey-canvas cases (네이버 2.2, 카카오페이 bands 2.1, 당근페이 2.5, 카뱅 mini 2.8, 무신사 3.5). Toss home is the outlier at ΔL* 5.3 (frame) or 3.9 (token). TwoMore today is ΔL* 1.7; the rejected grey would have been 4.9.
6. "Pronounced" in this set is big flat colour blocks, not a darker canvas. Flat saturated fills (exact-colour bins, chroma ≥ 25) reach ≥ 10% of a frame in only 2 apps: 배민 한그릇 header #7476FF 26.2% (baemin_f3) and 카카오맵 trend header #18B2C6 22.0% (kakaomap_f7). Pale tinted hero blocks (L* 93 to 95, chroma 9 to 14) reach ≥ 10% in 3 more: 카카오뱅크 #E1F3FF 19.8% (kakaobank_f3), 배민 #CBF2FD/#D1F2FF 9.9 to 12.8% (baemin_f2/f5), 오늘의집 #D6EFFF 15.3% (ohouse_f5).
7. Solid brand colour as a thin accent is still the majority pattern. Brand-solid area is ≤ 2.5% of the frame for Toss (blue), 당근 (orange #FF6600, 0.4%), 카카오페이 (yellow #FFF419, 1.6%), 네이버 (green, glyph only), 크림 (green/red buy-sell, 2.3 to 2.7%). Only 컬리 (#5F0080 header 6.1%), NOL (#4254FF CTA 5.8%), 배민 and 카카오맵 put a solid brand-colour block over 5%.
8. Four of the biggest platform companies have commissioned or released their own Korean typeface (Toss Product Sans, 배민 워크체, 카카오 글씨 큰/작은, 당근 캐롯 산스) and the open design system (당근 Seed) falls back to Apple SD Gothic Neo, Pretendard Variable, Pretendard. See section 2.

1. Per-app table

Columns: canvas hex (L*) | card/section treatment | where solid brand colour appears | chips / fills | radii (eyeballed on 2x crops, ±3 pt unless a token is cited) | type family, headline vs body | icon style | near-white / ink / saturated % (mean of the listed crops, helper definitions: L*>92, L*<35, C*>30) | frames | sources.

Measurement notes: crops are the phone screen only, so the marketing band and bezel are removed. Calibration check: the frames reproduce published tokens exactly, e.g. Toss toss_f5 has grey tiles at exactly #F2F4F6 (= TDS grey100), 당근 danggeun_f7 canvas is exactly Seed gray-100 #F7F8F9 and its hairlines exactly gray-200 #F3F4F5, 컬리 header exactly #5F0080, 카카오톡 yellow exactly #FEE500. So the frames are colour-faithful to within about ±1 per channel.

App (App Store id)	Canvas hex (L*)	Card / section treatment	Solid brand colour sites	Chips / fills	Radii (eyeballed)	Type: family; headline vs body	Icons	NW / ink / sat %	Frames used (crops)	Sources
토스 Toss (839333328)	Home #EEF0F2/#EFF1F3 (94.7/95.0) in card gaps; all other tabs #FFFFFF (100)	Home: white cards on grey canvas. 증권/쇼핑/포인트 tabs: no cards, flat white, sections separated by type and whitespace, grey tiles #F2F4F6 for the 원화/달러 pair	Nowhere as a block. Blue only as text links (예: "포인트 받기") and the loan CTA; a small red sale tag	Grey100 tiles and pills (#F3F4F6/#F2F4F6), selected segment = white pill on grey	Tiles ≈12 to 16 pt; home card corners cropped in frame, not measurable	Toss Product Sans (Latin/numerals; 11,172 Hangul glyphs, 7 weights). Hero number ≈ 26 to 30 pt semibold vs body 13 to 15 pt regular (eyeballed; TDS tokens 30/26/22/20/17/15/13)	Home: 3D-rendered Toss Face style icons in pale circles; header icons stroke	86.1 / 2.7 / 2.8	toss_f0, f2, f3, f5	frames; TDS colors page; toss.im/tossfeed/article/beginning-of-tps
당근 (1018769995)	Feed tabs #FFFFFF; 당근페이 #F7F8F9 (97.5)	Feeds: flat white, rows divided by #F3F4F5 hairlines (4 to 10% of pixels). Pay: grey canvas 27% + white cards 64%	Orange #FF6600 only on the 글쓰기 FAB pill and the pay icons (0.4%)	Selected chip filled near-black (#1A1C20 and #2A3038 are both present in the crops); unselected light grey outline pill	Pay card ≈16 (Seed r4 = 16 px); chips full	System-first stack (Seed --seed-font-family); brand wordmark in 캐롯 산스 (2023). Titles ≈ 17 to 20 pt bold, body 14 to 16 regular (Seed font-size t5 16 / t4 14 / t8 22, weights 400/500/700)	Coloured flat glyph tiles on pale circles in pay; stroke nav icons; nav is a floating white capsule with shadow	81.4 / 5.2 / 2.8	danggeun_f1, f2, f5, f7	frames; github.com/daangn/seed-design packages/rootage/*.yaml; designcompass.org/2023/08/29/danggun/
배달의민족 (378084485)	#FFFFFF (100)	White flat lists with thin dividers; coupon cards white with 1 px border; tinted hero banners	한그릇 header #7476FF 21.7 to 26.2% (white text); mint #0CEFD3 only on small pieces (1.5%); pale-cyan banners #CBF2FD/#D1F2FF 9.9 to 12.8%	Square-ish category chips; solid red/orange discount badges (30%, 11%); purple #4D1AFF label bars under the photos (2.0%)	Banners 0 (full bleed), cards ≈10 to 12, thumbnails ≈8	배민 워크체 replaced 한나체 for new surfaces (2025-07); body in a plain gothic. Title ≈ 17 to 20 bold, body ≈ 13 to 15	Glossy 3D/clay-style for 배민클럽 banner and B마트 tiles; coloured app-tile icons	69.8 / 5.0 / 17.8	baemin_f2, f3, f4, f5	frames; designcompass.org/2025/07/23/baemin-2-rebranding/
카카오톡 (362057947)	Lists #FFFFFF; chat #ABC1D1 (76.9)	Flat white lists, no cards; one soft grey info card #F3F3F3 (10%) with ≈12 pt corners	Yellow #FEE500 only on the sent bubble (1.4%) and the marketing background; nothing in chrome	Selected chip solid near-black #191919 pill, unselected pale grey #F2F2F2	Info card ≈12, pills full, photos ≈12	System stack on iOS (not verifiable from frames); 카카오 글씨 큰/작은 released 2025-06-17 (OFL), usage in app not stated. Header ≈ 20 bold, body 14 to 16	3D emoji/illustrated feature icons in the banner, stroke tab icons	56.3 / 6.5 / 8.8 (includes the photographic chat frame)	kakaotalk_f0, f3, f5	frames; kakaocorp.com/page/detail/11594; App Store notes 26.8.3
카카오뱅크 (1258016944)	#FFFFFF (100) in 내 계좌; #F7F7F7 (97.2) in mini; #E1F3FF hero (94.9)	Hub screens: white cards (r ≈16 to 20) on #F5F6F8/#F7F7F7 canvas, no borders, no shadow. Account list: flat white rows	Yellow #FFE301 only in the "B" logo discs (0.4 to 0.6%); no coloured header	Grey #F7F7F7 secondary buttons ("이체", "카드"); white pills with 1 px border (+ 통장, + 저축); pale hero #E1F3FF	Account cards ≈16 to 20; mini cards ≈13; buttons ≈10; chips full	Proprietary/unknown gothic (not verifiable). Balance ≈ 24 to 28 pt bold, body 13 to 14	Flat-3D coloured pictograms (palm tree, lion character) in pale circles; floating pill nav + circular FAB	93.8 / 2.0 / 2.8 (highest near-white of the set)	kakaobank_f0, f2, f3, f6	frames
카카오페이 (1464496236)	#FFFFFF; bands #F8F9FA (97.9) / #F3F4F5 (96.1)	Sections separated by full-bleed grey bands (36% of kakaopay_f5), not by cards; some rounded cards #F5F6F7 (r ≈14 to 20)	Yellow #FFF419 on participation chips (1.6%); blue #008DFF / red #F93C4A buy/sell buttons (2.8 to 2.9% each); gradient purple CTA	Pale grey #F3F4F5 pills; yellow chips with black text	Cards ≈14 to 20, buttons ≈10, chips full	Unknown (not verifiable). Headline ≈ 17 to 24 bold, red/blue emphasis spans	3D-rendered pictograms (calendar, sneakers, coins)	90.6 / 1.6 / 5.1	kakaopay_f2, f4, f5, f7	frames
네이버 (393499958)	#F7F9FB (97.8)	White rounded tiles and feed cards on the pale blue-grey canvas (gutter is canvas for 100% of naver_f2)	Green only in the N glyph and the search ring; floating white capsule nav with one green-outlined selected circle	Search field = white full-radius pill; blue-grey #EDF0F4 tiles (11.6%)	Search pill full; big container ≈20; feed tiles ≈12	Nanum/Pretendard-class gothic (not verifiable from frames). Section titles ≈ 17 bold, body 14 regular	Coloured line-glyph tiles (인증/전자문서/QR) on white; photo-heavy feed	69.4 / 9.2 / 4.2	naver_f2, f6 (f3/f4 excluded: crop includes the purple/green marketing background)	frames
네이버 지도 (311867728)	Sheet #FFFFFF; map water #A5D1F2	Full-bleed white bottom sheet with a grabber over the map; hairline row dividers; pale-blue tiles	Blue route FAB; map itself carries colour	Light-blue tinted chips #E9F4FE (8.8%) with blue text; #F0F2F4 neutral chips	Sheet top ≈16 to 20; chips full; 4 to 12 for photo tiles	Gothic, not verifiable. Titles ≈ 17 bold	Coloured circle icons for 음식점/카페/미용 (flat), stroke tab icons	67.8 / 10.9 / 8.0	navermap_f1, f2, f3, f6	frames
쿠팡 (454434967)	Not measurable. All screens are dimmed by a #D9D9D9 scrim (33 to 63% of pixels) with white callouts	Highlight callouts are flat white blocks with a soft shadow	Green #00AF00 rocket-delivery tags (1.9%); red price text	Green outline pills (로켓프레시 chips)	Callouts ≈12 to 16	Not verifiable	Rocket glyph + coloured service logos	n/a (scrim)	coupang_f1, f2, f3, f9	frames (marketing-dimmed)
무신사 (1003139529)	#F5F5F5 (96.5) in 랭킹/세일/카테고리	White tiles with 1 px black or grey borders and near-square corners on the grey canvas; products as flat grid with no card chrome	Solid red banner #FF1702/#FF1400 (4.9 to 10.2% in musinsa_f2); black tab bars (#111213)	Square outline chips with 1 px border; "NEW" black-outlined chip; red "급상승" tag	≈0 to 4 (squarest in the set)	Gothic/Pretendard-class (not verifiable). Section titles ≈ 17 bold, prices ≈ 13 bold	Thin stroke icons, heart outlines	52.4 / 19.1 / 5.2 (highest ink: black bars + dark photos)	musinsa_f2, f5, f6, f8	frames
29CM (789634744)	#FFFFFF; photo placeholders #EFEFEF/#F5F5F5	No cards: bare photo grid, wide white margins, 1 px outline buttons	Black buttons; red-orange notification badges	Outline pill chips with 1 px grey border	≈0 to 2 for images and buttons; chips full	Light, wide-tracked sans for headings; body 12 to 14	Hairline stroke icons	55.8 / 6.7 / 0.8	29cm_f1, f3	frames
올리브영 (873779010)	#FFFFFF	Flat white product rows with image left; promo cards tinted #FFF3F3 (10%)	Pink-red price/discount text; black 오늘드림 pill; green only in marketing frames	Black full pills, #FFF3F3 tinted tag blocks, grey rect badges (BEST)	Tag cards ≈12; thumbs ≈8	Gothic, not verifiable. Price ≈ 16 bold red, titles 14	Stroke icons	50.4 / 12.7 / 2.4	oliveyoung_f4, f6, f7, f8 (marketing callouts overlap UI)	frames
컬리 (1080244833)	#FFFFFF/#FEFEFE	Flat white grid, no cards; 2-col product grid	Solid purple #5F0080 header (6.1%, L 23.6) and #560C7B buy button (5.9%); purple active tab and underline	White outline filter pills; pale lilac "Kurly Only" tag	Header bottom ≈0; CTA ≈8; filter pills full	Gothic, not verifiable. Titles ≈ 17 bold	Stroke tab icons, purple active fill	56.8 / 10.2 / 13.8	kurly_f2, f4, f5, f6	frames
크림 KREAM (1490580239)	#FFFFFF	Flat white grid with product images on #F4F4F4 tiles; floating glass pill nav	Green #41B979 sell and red #F06254 buy buttons (2.3 to 2.7% each); black hero in marketing only	White outline pills, grey #F4F4F4 segment	Tiles ≈0 to 4; banner ≈12 to 16; pills full	Gothic, not verifiable. Price ≈ 15 bold, caption 11	Stroke icons; floating nav	82.4 / 6.2 / 4.2	kream_f3, f6, f7	frames
NOL 야놀자 (436731843)	#FFFFFF; tinted #FAFBFF (98.6) 25% in nol_f2; marketing bg #F6F6FF	Bordered boxes: 1.5 px black-outline input blocks and pale-blue #F7F8FC list cards	Solid blue #4254FF search CTA (5.8%)	Black-outline segment chips	Boxes ≈12 to 16; CTA ≈8 to 12	Gothic, not verifiable. Titles ≈ 17 to 20 bold	Flat/3D coloured service icons in the home grid	65.0 / 7.4 / 7.5	nol_f2, f3, f5, f6	frames
카카오맵 (304608425)	Sheet #FFFFFF; tiles #F3F3F3/#F7F7F7	White sheet over map; 3-up grid of grey tiles ≈10 to 12 pt corners; hairline row dividers	Teal header block #18B2C6 (19.8 to 22.0%, L 66.6) in 트렌드 랭킹; blue #206DEF route FAB	Black-outline chips; yellow channel button	Sheet ≈20; tiles ≈10 to 12; chips full	Gothic, not verifiable. Titles ≈ 17 bold	Stroke icons in grey tiles; skyline illustration in headers	73.3 / 2.5 / 14.0	kakaomap_f1, f7, f8	frames; App Store notes 6.29.3
밀리의서재 (1213788923)	#FFFFFF	White with one soft-shadow card (파과) and book-cover shelves; a grey #F5F6F6 band (4%) between sections	Yellow only in avatar disc and active tab (app chrome is white; yellow #FFEF00 is the marketing background)	Black pills (+ 글쓰기 #333333), white outline chips	Card ≈12 to 16; pills full; covers ≈4	Gothic, not verifiable. Titles ≈ 17 bold	Stroke icons, black audio player	69.2 / 14.6 / 5.9	millie_f2, f5, f6	frames
오늘의집 (1008236892)	#FFFFFF; promo header #EFF8FB/#D6EFFF (97.0/93.1)	Full-bleed photo cards and tinted promo blocks; dark #36404B info banner (6%)	Sky-blue #0198ED "+" FAB (0.5%)	White outline chips; pale-blue tile cards	Images ≈4 to 8; banner ≈8	Gothic, not verifiable.	Coloured illustration icons in promo tiles	50.2 / 7.0 / 1.4	ohouse_f2, f4, f5, f6	frames

Not measured: 토스증권 (no separate App Store listing returned by the country=kr search; the 증권 tab is toss_f2) and 쿠팡 canvas (scrim, see row).

2. Design-system sources and their actual token values

2.1 Toss TDS (official, fetched): https://tossmini-docs.toss.im/tds-mobile/foundation/colors/

Token	Value
grey50 / 100 / 200 / 300	#F9FAFB (L 98.2) / #F2F4F6 (L 96.1) / #E5E8EB / #D1D6DB
grey400 / 500 / 600 / 700 / 800 / 900	#B0B8C1 / #8B95A1 / #6B7684 / #4E5968 / #333D4B / #191F28
blue500 (primary)	#3182F6 (also 50 #E8F3FF, 400 #4593FC, 600 #2272EB, 700 #1B64DA)
red500 / green500 / orange500 / yellow500	#F04452 / #03B26C / #FE9800 / #FFC342
background / layeredBackground / floatedBackground	all #FFFFFF
greyBackground	lightThemeGrey100 = #F2F4F6 (value not printed as hex on the page; page lists it as a reference to grey100)

Typography page https://tossmini-docs.toss.im/tds-mobile/foundation/typography/ (px size / line height): T1 30/40, T2 26/35, T3 22/31, T4 20/29, T5 17/25.5, T6 15/22.5, T7 13/19.5, plus sub tokens 11 to 29 in 1 px steps (11/16.5 up to 29/38). Five weights per token: Light, Regular, Medium, Semibold, Bold. Font family is not stated on that page. Border component https://tossmini-docs.toss.im/tds-mobile/components/border/ : variants full (full-width item divider), padding24 (24 px side inset), height16 ("used to divide sections", a taller band; the examples place it on adaptive.grey100). Button page documents no radius. Font: Toss Product Sans, built with Sandoll then Leedotype, 7 weights in v1, full 11,172 Hangul syllables https://toss.im/tossfeed/article/beginning-of-tps .

2.2 당근 Seed Design (official source repo, raw YAML, lastUpdated: 26-06-15 in color.yaml): https://github.com/daangn/seed-design/tree/dev/packages/rootage

Token	Light value
palette gray-00 / 100 / 200 / 300 / 400 / 500	#FFFFFF / #F7F8F9 / #F3F4F5 / #EEEFF1 / #DCDEE3 / #D1D3D8
gray-600 / 700 / 800 / 900 / 1000	#B0B3BA / #868B94 / #555D6D / #2A3038 / #1A1C20
carrot-100 / 600 / 700	#FFF2EC / #FF6600 / #E14D00
blue-700 (informative solid)	#217CF9
bg.layer-default	gray-00 #FFFFFF
bg.layer-basement	gray-200 #F3F4F5 (this is the grey canvas under white layers)
bg.neutral-muted	gray-100 #F7F8F9
bg.neutral-weak	gray-200 #F3F4F5
bg.brand-solid / bg.brand-weak	carrot-600 #FF6600 / carrot-100 #FFF2EC
fg.neutral / fg.neutral-muted / fg.neutral-subtle	gray-1000 #1A1C20 / gray-800 #555D6D / gray-700 #868B94
stroke.neutral-muted / stroke.neutral-subtle / stroke.neutral-weak	black alpha-300 / black alpha-200 / gray-400 #DCDEE3
Radius	r1 4, r2 8, r3 12, r4 16, r5 20, r6 24, full 9999 (px)
Font size	t1 11, t2 12, t3 13, t4 14, t5 16, t6 18, t7 20, t8 22, t9 24, t10 26, t11 28, t12 32, t13 40, t14 48 (t11 and up recommended only at the sm breakpoint and up)
Font weight	400, 500, 700 only
Component radii	chip radius.full; list-item pressed highlight dimension.x2_5 = 10 px; action-button xsmall radius.full, next size radius.r2 (8 px)
Font stack	-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Apple SD Gothic Neo", "Pretendard Variable", Pretendard, "Segoe UI", Roboto, ... (packages/css/base.css)

Raw files: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/daangn/seed-design/dev/packages/rootage/color.yaml , /radius.yaml, /font-size.yaml, /font-weight.yaml, /components/chip.yaml, /components/action-button.yaml, https://raw.githubusercontent.com/daangn/seed-design/dev/packages/css/base.css . Note: the repo layout was found via the GitHub API default branch dev; seed-design.io/docs/... pages returned HTTP 404 for the paths tried.

2.3 Third-party "design system gallery" pages (NOT official, interpretive; use only as a cross-check)

Source: oppadu.com gallery pages (https://www.oppadu.com/tools/design-systems-site/brand/baemin.html , .../kakao.html, .../naver.html). They state values but do not show provenance; I cross-checked what the frames allow.

Brand	Gallery claim	Frame cross-check
배민	mint-500 #0CEFD3; neutral-100 #F4F6F6; radii sm 8 / md 12 / lg 16 / xl 20; display 52/900, body 14 to 16/500; Korean = 배민 WORK체 with Pretendard fallback	#0CEFD3 is present in baemin_f4/f5 (1.5 to 1.7%): confirmed. #F3F5F7 present (baemin_f5 7.3%), close to #F4F6F6. Font: WORK체 confirmed by designcompass 2025-07-23; the Pretendard fallback and the weight table are unverified
카카오	yellow #FEE500; neutral-100 #F5F5F5; chat bg #B2C7DA; radii 8/12/18/24; "KakaoFont/KakaoBig" with Pretendard fallback; "no body weight ≤ 400"	#FEE500 confirmed (kakaotalk_f0 1.4%). Chat bg measured #ABC1D1 (L 76.9), not #B2C7DA (L 79.3): the gallery value is not what the frame shows. The 400-weight rule is unverified and body text in kakaotalk_f5 looks regular
네이버	green #03C75A; surface-subtle #F5F5F5; border #E5E5E5; radii 4/6/8/12; Nanum Square Neo / Pretendard	Measured canvas is #F7F9FB, not #F5F5F5; measured tiles #EDF0F4. Treat the gallery's neutral scale as unreliable for Naver

2.4 Sources that returned no usable values (reported, not skipped)

• LINE Design System https://designsystem.line.me/ : returned only the title (script-rendered).
• Samsung One UI https://design.samsung.com/global/contents/one-ui/ , https://developer.samsung.com/one-ui , https://developer.samsung.com/one-ui/index.html : overview text only, no dp/hex values; detailed pages not in fetched content.
• Naver https://design.naver.com/ : fetch blocked by the tool. Kakao https://design.kakao.com/ : DNS failure (ENOTFOUND). Baemin official design tokens: not found (search returned only the gallery).
• Kakao developer login-button spec exists with #FEE500 container and black symbol (https://developers.kakao.com/docs/ko/kakaologin/design-guide , seen only as a search snippet, not fetched).

3. Observed patterns (each is falsifiable against the frames named)

1. A flat white canvas is the default, and grey canvas is the exception. 16 of 17 apps have at least one raw-UI crop with ≥ 40% pure white pixels (L* ≥ 99); only 무신사 does not (its largest flat is #F5F5F5). Check: app_summary.json, per-frame white shares printed by flats.py (e.g. kakaobank_f2 90.6%, toss_f5 85.3%, kakaopay_f4 85.0%).
2. Grey canvas under white cards appears in 5 of 17 apps, always at L* ≥ 96.5 except one value. Hexes and L*: #F5F5F5 96.5 (무신사), #F7F7F7 97.2 (카카오뱅크 mini), #F7F8F9 97.5 (당근페이), #F7F9FB 97.8 (네이버), and Toss home #EEF0F2 94.7 as measured in a marketing mock (token #F2F4F6 96.1). Falsify by finding a Korean app in this set whose whole-screen canvas is below L* 94.
3. Card edges are defined by fill difference, not borders or shadows. In the 2x corner views (corners.png: Toss home, 당근페이, 카카오뱅크 ×2, 카카오페이, 카카오톡, 네이버) none of the 7 cards has a visible border or shadow. Exceptions seen in the full crops: 밀리의서재's top card (millie_f2) has a soft shadow, and 카카오뱅크's focus card (kakaobank_f0) has a pale gradient glow. Outlines appear where corners are tight: 무신사 and 29CM (square 1 px outlines) and NOL (1.5 px black input blocks, nol_f3).
4. Corner radius splits by category. Money/hub and super-apps use 12 to 20 pt cards (카카오뱅크, 카카오페이, 토스, 당근페이, 네이버지도 sheets), fashion commerce uses 0 to 4 pt (무신사, 29CM, 크림 tiles), and every app uses full-radius pills for chips and search fields. Eyeballed on 2x crops, ±3 pt; Seed's own tokens put cards at r3 12 to r4 16 and chips at radius.full.
5. Brand colour is thin ink in most apps and a flat block in a few. Solid-brand area ≤ 2.5% in Toss, 당근, 카카오톡, 카카오뱅크, 카카오페이, 네이버, 크림, 밀리, 오늘의집 (9 apps). ≥ 5% flat blocks: 컬리 purple header 6.1% (kurly_f2), 배민 한그릇 26.2% (baemin_f3), 카카오맵 teal 22.0% (kakaomap_f7), NOL blue CTA 5.8% (nol_f3).
6. Pale tinted hero blocks (not grey) are the "pronounced background" move. 카카오뱅크 #E1F3FF 19.8% (kakaobank_f3), 배민 #CBF2FD 9.9% / #D1F2FF 12.8% (baemin_f2/f5), 오늘의집 #D6EFFF 15.3% (ohouse_f5), 네이버지도 #E9F4FE chips 8.8% (navermap_f2). All five are hue-tinted, L* 93 to 95, chroma 9 to 14, and sit above or inside a white list rather than replacing it.
7. Floating capsule bottom navigation shows up in 4 of 17 apps (당근 danggeun_f1/f2, 네이버 naver_f3/f4, 카카오뱅크 kakaobank_f0/f6, 크림 kream_f3); in the other 13 the frames show a full-width tab bar or no bar. This is the one visibly new shell pattern in the set; I did not verify it against OS version (iOS 26 shipped Sept 2025).
8. Colourful rendered feature icons on white or pale discs are common in the finance/super-app cluster (토스 포인트 list, 카카오페이 3D pictograms, 카카오뱅크 flat-3D, 당근페이 tiles, 배민 B마트/클럽 tiles): ≥ 8 of 17 use them for feature entry points, while navigation and header icons stay stroke. Eyeballed from the frames, not measured.
9. Section separation uses three distinct devices: hairline row dividers (당근 #F3F4F5, 카카오맵), full-bleed grey bands (카카오페이 #F8F9FA 36% of kakaopay_f5; TDS Border height16), and whitespace only (토스 증권/쇼핑 tabs, 29CM).

4. What "flat and more pronounced backgrounds" actually means in this set

True in part, and the part that is true is not "a greyer canvas".

• Grey canvases do exist and are flat (no gradient, no border, no shadow), at: Toss home #EEF0F2 / token #F2F4F6, 당근페이 #F7F8F9 (Seed gray-100; bg.layer-basement is gray-200 #F3F4F5), 카카오뱅크 #F7F7F7 and #F5F6F8, 네이버 #F7F9FB, 카카오페이 bands #F8F9FA, 무신사 #F5F5F5. L* range 94.7 to 97.9.
• They are used on hub screens (Toss home, 당근페이, 카카오뱅크 mini and 모임, 네이버 home and 마이, 카카오페이 보험) and on 무신사's commerce lists, not on feeds or catalogue lists (당근 feed, 토스 쇼핑, 컬리, 크림, 29CM, 올리브영 are white). Of the grey-canvas frames found, 5 are fintech/hub screens (toss_f0, danggeun_f7, kakaobank_f3, kakaobank_f6, kakaopay_f5), 2 are portal home/my (naver_f2, naver_f6) and 3 are 무신사 commerce lists (musinsa_f2, f5, f6).
• The strongest "pronounced" signals are other things: (a) flat colour blocks, saturated (배민 한그릇, 카카오맵, 컬리 header) or pale-tinted (카카오뱅크, 배민 banners, 오늘의집), (b) heavy black type, but only in some apps (ink share ranges from 1.6% in 카카오페이 to 19.1% in 무신사, so it is not a general trend), (c) rendered colourful icons, and (d) a floating nav shell.
• The rejected #EEF2EF (L 95.1) is greyer than every grey canvas in the set except the Toss home gap in a marketing mock. The set's grey canvases cluster at L* 96.5 to 97.8, i.e. 1.4 to 2.7 L* paler than the rejected proposal and only 0.5 to 1.8 L* greyer than TwoMore's #F8FBF9.
• So the claim holds only as: some apps give hub screens a flat pale-grey canvas and use big flat colour blocks. It does not hold as "many modern Korean apps moved to a darker grey background": 12 of 17 are flat white in every frame measured.

5. What changed 2024 to 2026 (only claims with a URL; verification level stated)

App	Change	Evidence	Verified how
배민	"배민 2.0" rebrand: brighter 2.0 mint replaces the old mint, 워크체 replaces 한나체, new app icon (teaser 2025-07-09, colours and font in app from 2025-07-22), applied in stages (new font first on 한그릇, partner cards, promo)	https://designcompass.org/2025/07/23/baemin-2-rebranding/ , https://designcompass.org/2025/09/18/점진적으로-적용-중인-배민-2-0/ ; icon rollout from 2025-11-18 https://designcompass.org/2025/11/25/the-unveiled-baemin-app-icon/ (search summary, not fetched)	First two fetched; no hex printed in them. #0CEFD3 read from baemin_f4
카카오톡	25.8.0 (revealed 2025-09-23 at if(kakao)25): friends tab becomes a profile feed, third tab becomes 지금 with short-form video; user backlash; Kakao said the feed would move under a separate 소식 menu in Q4 2025	https://magazine.hankyung.com/job-joy/article/202511104602d , https://byline.network/2025/10/02_998873/ , https://www.ddaily.co.kr/page/view/2025092915502432440	Search summaries only. Frames kakaotalk_f3 (지금 with 오픈채팅/숏폼 chips) and kakaotalk_f5 (친구/소식 chips) are consistent with that structure; App Store notes 26.8.3 (2026-09-30) add "친구칩 슬롯 접고 펼치기", "채널 폴더"
카카오맵	6.29.3 (2026-09-29): "tab menu renewed so the map and quick tabs are wider", "new map style"	https://itunes.apple.com/lookup?id=304608425&country=kr (releaseNotes)	Read directly from the lookup JSON
네이버	New app with 4 bottom tabs (2023-10/11), 네이버플러스 스토어 replaces 쇼핑 tab (2024-10), home feed expanded via A/B from 2025-07, AI tab in 2026	https://designcompass.org/2023/11/08/naver-app-renewal-2/ , https://designcompass.org/2024/10/07/naverplus-store/	Search summaries only. naver_f3/f4 show the 플러스스토어 and 투데이 tabs and the floating capsule nav
당근	2023-08 rename to 당근 with new BI and 캐롯 산스; 2026-07 Seed design-system brand identity (orange kept, lime accent added; not the consumer UI)	https://designcompass.org/2023/08/29/danggun/ , https://designcompass.org/2026/07/27/daangn-seed-design-system-rebranding/	Both fetched. Seed tokens file stamped lastUpdated: 26-06-15 (color.yaml)
토스	No 2025/2026 home redesign found. Known earlier: 2022-09 logo and large app update. Design-process series "Simplicity Season 4" (2025-04)	https://toss.im/tossfeed/article/toss-logo-user-interface-renewal , https://designcompass.org/2025/04/28/toss-simplicity/	Search snippets only. The brief's "Toss home 2025?" is not supported by anything I found
올리브영, 무신사, 크림, 컬리, 29CM, NOL, 밀리, 오늘의집, 카카오뱅크, 카카오페이, 쿠팡	No redesign announcement located within the time budget	n/a	Do not read absence as "unchanged"

6. Caveats

• Frames are marketing screenshots, not live app captures. They carry composited device mockups, dimming (쿠팡 fully scrimmed), floating callouts (올리브영, 토스), and chosen "best" states. I cropped the screen interior and cross-checked colours against published tokens (Toss grey100, Seed gray-100/200, 컬리 purple, Kakao yellow all match to ±1 channel), but layout density and what is promoted in the frame is marketing's choice.
• Dates: screenshots are what the App Store served on 2026-10-08 (current versions listed in fetchhi.py output, e.g. 토스 5.279.0, 당근 26.41.0). Embedded dates inside the frames range from 2023-12 (29CM story cards) through 2025-04/05 (네이버 25. 4. 29., NOL 2025.05.03, 카카오톡 2025년 8월 20일) to Feb 2026 (무신사 설날 02.09 to 02.18, 쿠팡 2/12 도착). So the set mixes 2025 and early-2026 UI.
• Coverage is thin per app: 2 to 4 raw-UI frames each, the home or hub screen is not always among them. Any "never uses grey canvas" statement means "not in the frames measured".
• Eyeballed items: radii, type sizes, icon style, and the 4-of-17 floating-nav count. Automatic radius extraction failed (cropped card edges), so I read corners on 2x zoom crops (corners.png).
• Type families are not verifiable from screenshots; I give only what a cited source states. Pretendard appears in Seed's fallback stack and in the unofficial gallery pages for 배민, 카카오 and 네이버; I found no official statement that those apps ship Pretendard.
• Toss 증권 and LINE / Samsung / Naver / Kakao design sites could not be sampled (section 2.4).
• Third-party gallery values (2.3) are interpretive and in one case contradicted by the frames (Kakao chat bg, Naver neutral).
• Colour numbers use sRGB without display-profile correction; L* uses D65, same definition as sample.py.

7. Files

Contact sheets (UI crops, 4 to 9 frames each; images are about 3,100 to 4,900 px wide):

• /tmp/claude-1000/-home-sungkyu08-Dev-twomore-v2/9e052da6-463b-47d5-958b-a7a7f703ba4b/scratchpad/bench/contact-A-toss-danggeun-baemin-kakaotalk-kakaobank.png (토스, 당근, 배민, 카카오톡, 카카오뱅크)
• /tmp/claude-1000/-home-sungkyu08-Dev-twomore-v2/9e052da6-463b-47d5-958b-a7a7f703ba4b/scratchpad/bench/contact-B-kakaopay-naver-navermap-coupang-musinsa.png (카카오페이, 네이버, 네이버지도, 쿠팡, 무신사)
• /tmp/claude-1000/-home-sungkyu08-Dev-twomore-v2/9e052da6-463b-47d5-958b-a7a7f703ba4b/scratchpad/bench/contact-C-29cm-oliveyoung-kurly-kream-nol.png (29CM, 올리브영, 컬리, 크림, NOL)
• /tmp/claude-1000/-home-sungkyu08-Dev-twomore-v2/9e052da6-463b-47d5-958b-a7a7f703ba4b/scratchpad/bench/contact-D-kakaomap-millie-ohouse.png (카카오맵, 밀리의서재, 오늘의집)
• /tmp/claude-1000/-home-sungkyu08-Dev-twomore-v2/9e052da6-463b-47d5-958b-a7a7f703ba4b/scratchpad/bench/canvas-swatches.png (the measured canvas hexes next to TwoMore and the rejected grey, each with a white card chip, L* printed)
• Per-app overview of every App Store frame: ov_<appid>.png; corner zoom: corners.png.